Three numbers decide most of what a balcony can grow: the hours of direct sun it gets, how much weight the floor will take, and how exposed it is to wind. Count the sun hours across a day, assume about 50 lb per square foot unless your building says otherwise, and take the wind seriously. It dries pots faster than sun does, and it will flatten anything trellised much above three feet.
If you rent, a few practical rules make everything easier: nothing needs to be screwed into a railing, nothing should drain onto the balcony below, and the whole setup should come apart in an afternoon when you move. The guides below are all written to that standard.